Global System-on-Chip Market Growth 2022-2028
- Category: Semiconductor & Electronics
- Published Date: Jan 2022
- Publisher: LP Information
- Pages: 101
As the global economy mends, the 2021 growth of System-on-Chip will have significant change from previous year. According to our (LP Information) latest study, the global System-on-Chip market size is USD million in 2022 from USD million in 2021, with a change of % between 2021 and 2022. The global System-on-Chip market size will reach USD million in 2028, growing at a CAGR of % over the analysis period.
The United States System-on-Chip market is expected at value of US$ million in 2021 and grow at approximately % CAGR during review period. China constitutes a % market for the global System-on-Chip market, reaching US$ million by the year 2028. As for the Europe System-on-Chip landscape, Germany is projected to reach US$ million by 2028 trailing a CAGR of % over the forecast period. In APAC, the growth rates of other notable markets (Japan and South Korea) are projected to be at % and % respectively for the next 5-year period.
Global main System-on-Chip players cover Qualcomm Incorporated, Toshiba Corporation, Intel Corporation, and Samsung Electronics, etc. In terms of revenue, the global largest two companies occupy a share nearly % in 2021.
This report presents a comprehensive overview, market shares, and growth opportunities of System-on-Chip market by product type, application, key manufacturers and key regions and countries.
Segmentation by type: breakdown data from 2017 to 2022, in Section 2.3; and forecast to 2028 in section 12.6
Digital
Analog
Mixed Signal
Segmentation by application: breakdown data from 2017 to 2022, in Section 2.4; and forecast to 2028 in section 12.7.
Consumer Electronics
Telecommunication
Automotive
This report also splits the market by region: Breakdown data in Chapter 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8.
Americas
United States
Canada
Mexico
Brazil
APAC
China
Japan
Korea
Southeast Asia
India
Australia
Europe
Germany
France
UK
Italy
Russia
Middle East & Africa
Egypt
South Africa
Israel
Turkey
GCC Countries
The report also presents the market competition landscape and a corresponding detailed analysis of the prominent manufacturers in this market, include
Qualcomm Incorporated
Toshiba Corporation
Intel Corporation
Samsung Electronics
NXP Semiconductors
Broadcom Limited
STMicroelectronics
Apple Inc.
MediaTek Inc.
Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company Limited
Magna International Inc.
The United States System-on-Chip market is expected at value of US$ million in 2021 and grow at approximately % CAGR during review period. China constitutes a % market for the global System-on-Chip market, reaching US$ million by the year 2028. As for the Europe System-on-Chip landscape, Germany is projected to reach US$ million by 2028 trailing a CAGR of % over the forecast period. In APAC, the growth rates of other notable markets (Japan and South Korea) are projected to be at % and % respectively for the next 5-year period.
Global main System-on-Chip players cover Qualcomm Incorporated, Toshiba Corporation, Intel Corporation, and Samsung Electronics, etc. In terms of revenue, the global largest two companies occupy a share nearly % in 2021.
This report presents a comprehensive overview, market shares, and growth opportunities of System-on-Chip market by product type, application, key manufacturers and key regions and countries.
Segmentation by type: breakdown data from 2017 to 2022, in Section 2.3; and forecast to 2028 in section 12.6
Digital
Analog
Mixed Signal
Segmentation by application: breakdown data from 2017 to 2022, in Section 2.4; and forecast to 2028 in section 12.7.
Consumer Electronics
Telecommunication
Automotive
This report also splits the market by region: Breakdown data in Chapter 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8.
Americas
United States
Canada
Mexico
Brazil
APAC
China
Japan
Korea
Southeast Asia
India
Australia
Europe
Germany
France
UK
Italy
Russia
Middle East & Africa
Egypt
South Africa
Israel
Turkey
GCC Countries
The report also presents the market competition landscape and a corresponding detailed analysis of the prominent manufacturers in this market, include
Qualcomm Incorporated
Toshiba Corporation
Intel Corporation
Samsung Electronics
NXP Semiconductors
Broadcom Limited
STMicroelectronics
Apple Inc.
MediaTek Inc.
Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company Limited
Magna International Inc.
1 Scope of the Report
1.1 Market Introduction
1.2 Years Considered
1.3 Research Objectives
1.4 Market Research Methodology
1.5 Research Process and Data Source
1.6 Economic Indicators
1.7 Currency Considered
2 Executive Summary
2.1 World Market Overview
2.1.1 Global System-on-Chip Annual Sales 2017-2028
2.1.2 World Current & Future Analysis for System-on-Chip by Geographic Region, 2017, 2022 & 2028
2.1.3 World Current & Future Analysis for System-on-Chip by Country/Region, 2017, 2022 & 2028
2.2 System-on-Chip Segment by Type
2.2.1 Digital
2.2.2 Analog
2.2.3 Mixed Signal
2.3 System-on-Chip Sales by Type
2.3.1 Global System-on-Chip Sales Market Share by Type (2017-2022)
2.3.2 Global System-on-Chip Revenue and Market Share by Type (2017-2022)
2.3.3 Global System-on-Chip Sale Price by Type (2017-2022)
2.4 System-on-Chip Segment by Application
2.4.1 Consumer Electronics
2.4.2 Telecommunication
2.4.3 Automotive
2.5 System-on-Chip Sales by Application
2.5.1 Global System-on-Chip Sale Market Share by Application (2017-2022)
2.5.2 Global System-on-Chip Revenue and Market Share by Application (2017-2022)
2.5.3 Global System-on-Chip Sale Price by Application (2017-2022)
3 Global System-on-Chip by Company
3.1 Global System-on-Chip Breakdown Data by Company
3.1.1 Global System-on-Chip Annual Sales by Company (2020-2022)
3.1.2 Global System-on-Chip Sales Market Share by Company (2020-2022)
3.2 Global System-on-Chip Annual Revenue by Company (2020-2022)
3.2.1 Global System-on-Chip Revenue by Company (2020-2022)
3.2.2 Global System-on-Chip Revenue Market Share by Company (2020-2022)
3.3 Global System-on-Chip Sale Price by Company
3.4 Key Manufacturers System-on-Chip Producing Area Distribution, Sales Area, Product Type
3.4.1 Key Manufacturers System-on-Chip Product Location Distribution
3.4.2 Players System-on-Chip Products Offered
3.5 Market Concentration Rate Analysis
3.5.1 Competition Landscape Analysis
3.5.2 Concentration Ratio (CR3, CR5 and CR10) & (2020-2022)
3.6 New Products and Potential Entrants
3.7 Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion
4 World Historic Review for System-on-Chip by Geographic Region
4.1 World Historic System-on-Chip Market Size by Geographic Region (2017-2022)
4.1.1 Global System-on-Chip Annual Sales by Geographic Region (2017-2022)
4.1.2 Global System-on-Chip Annual Revenue by Geographic Region
4.2 World Historic System-on-Chip Market Size by Country/Region (2017-2022)
4.2.1 Global System-on-Chip Annual Sales by Country/Region (2017-2022)
4.2.2 Global System-on-Chip Annual Revenue by Country/Region
4.3 Americas System-on-Chip Sales Growth
4.4 APAC System-on-Chip Sales Growth
4.5 Europe System-on-Chip Sales Growth
4.6 Middle East & Africa System-on-Chip Sales Growth
5 Americas
5.1 Americas System-on-Chip Sales by Country
5.1.1 Americas System-on-Chip Sales by Country (2017-2022)
5.1.2 Americas System-on-Chip Revenue by Country (2017-2022)
5.2 Americas System-on-Chip Sales by Type
5.3 Americas System-on-Chip Sales by Application
5.4 United States
5.5 Canada
5.6 Mexico
5.7 Brazil
6 APAC
6.1 APAC System-on-Chip Sales by Region
6.1.1 APAC System-on-Chip Sales by Region (2017-2022)
6.1.2 APAC System-on-Chip Revenue by Region (2017-2022)
6.2 APAC System-on-Chip Sales by Type
6.3 APAC System-on-Chip Sales by Application
6.4 China
6.5 Japan
6.6 South Korea
6.7 Southeast Asia
6.8 India
6.9 Australia
6.10 China Taiwan
7 Europe
7.1 Europe System-on-Chip by Country
7.1.1 Europe System-on-Chip Sales by Country (2017-2022)
7.1.2 Europe System-on-Chip Revenue by Country (2017-2022)
7.2 Europe System-on-Chip Sales by Type
7.3 Europe System-on-Chip Sales by Application
7.4 Germany
7.5 France
7.6 UK
7.7 Italy
7.8 Russia
8 Middle East & Africa
8.1 Middle East & Africa System-on-Chip by Country
8.1.1 Middle East & Africa System-on-Chip Sales by Country (2017-2022)
8.1.2 Middle East & Africa System-on-Chip Revenue by Country (2017-2022)
8.2 Middle East & Africa System-on-Chip Sales by Type
8.3 Middle East & Africa System-on-Chip Sales by Application
8.4 Egypt
8.5 South Africa
8.6 Israel
8.7 Turkey
8.8 GCC Countries
9 Market Drivers, Challenges and Trends
9.1 Market Drivers & Growth Opportunities
9.2 Market Challenges & Risks
9.3 Industry Trends
10 Manufacturing Cost Structure Analysis
10.1 Raw Material and Suppliers
10.2 Manufacturing Cost Structure Analysis of System-on-Chip
10.3 Manufacturing Process Analysis of System-on-Chip
10.4 Industry Chain Structure of System-on-Chip
11 Marketing, Distributors and Customer
11.1 Sales Channel
11.1.1 Direct Channels
11.1.2 Indirect Channels
11.2 System-on-Chip Distributors
11.3 System-on-Chip Customer
12 World Forecast Review for System-on-Chip by Geographic Region
12.1 Global System-on-Chip Market Size Forecast by Region
12.1.1 Global System-on-Chip Forecast by Region (2023-2028)
12.1.2 Global System-on-Chip Annual Revenue Forecast by Region (2023-2028)
12.2 Americas Forecast by Country
12.3 APAC Forecast by Region
12.4 Europe Forecast by Country
12.5 Middle East & Africa Forecast by Country
12.6 Global System-on-Chip Forecast by Type
12.7 Global System-on-Chip Forecast by Application
13 Key Players Analysis
13.1 Qualcomm Incorporated
13.1.1 Qualcomm Incorporated Company Information
13.1.2 Qualcomm Incorporated System-on-Chip Product Offered
13.1.3 Qualcomm Incorporated System-on-Chip Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2022)
13.1.4 Qualcomm Incorporated Main Business Overview
13.1.5 Qualcomm Incorporated Latest Developments
13.2 Toshiba Corporation
13.2.1 Toshiba Corporation Company Information
13.2.2 Toshiba Corporation System-on-Chip Product Offered
13.2.3 Toshiba Corporation System-on-Chip Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2022)
13.2.4 Toshiba Corporation Main Business Overview
13.2.5 Toshiba Corporation Latest Developments
13.3 Intel Corporation
13.3.1 Intel Corporation Company Information
13.3.2 Intel Corporation System-on-Chip Product Offered
13.3.3 Intel Corporation System-on-Chip Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2022)
13.3.4 Intel Corporation Main Business Overview
13.3.5 Intel Corporation Latest Developments
13.4 Samsung Electronics
13.4.1 Samsung Electronics Company Information
13.4.2 Samsung Electronics System-on-Chip Product Offered
13.4.3 Samsung Electronics System-on-Chip Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2022)
13.4.4 Samsung Electronics Main Business Overview
13.4.5 Samsung Electronics Latest Developments
13.5 NXP Semiconductors
13.5.1 NXP Semiconductors Company Information
13.5.2 NXP Semiconductors System-on-Chip Product Offered
13.5.3 NXP Semiconductors System-on-Chip Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2022)
13.5.4 NXP Semiconductors Main Business Overview
13.5.5 NXP Semiconductors Latest Developments
13.6 Broadcom Limited
13.6.1 Broadcom Limited Company Information
13.6.2 Broadcom Limited System-on-Chip Product Offered
13.6.3 Broadcom Limited System-on-Chip Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2022)
13.6.4 Broadcom Limited Main Business Overview
13.6.5 Broadcom Limited Latest Developments
13.7 STMicroelectronics
13.7.1 STMicroelectronics Company Information
13.7.2 STMicroelectronics System-on-Chip Product Offered
13.7.3 STMicroelectronics System-on-Chip Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2022)
13.7.4 STMicroelectronics Main Business Overview
13.7.5 STMicroelectronics Latest Developments
13.8 Apple Inc.
13.8.1 Apple Inc. Company Information
13.8.2 Apple Inc. System-on-Chip Product Offered
13.8.3 Apple Inc. System-on-Chip Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2022)
13.8.4 Apple Inc. Main Business Overview
13.8.5 Apple Inc. Latest Developments
13.9 MediaTek Inc.
13.9.1 MediaTek Inc. Company Information
13.9.2 MediaTek Inc. System-on-Chip Product Offered
13.9.3 MediaTek Inc. System-on-Chip Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2022)
13.9.4 MediaTek Inc. Main Business Overview
13.9.5 MediaTek Inc. Latest Developments
13.10 Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company Limited
13.10.1 Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company Limited Company Information
13.10.2 Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company Limited System-on-Chip Product Offered
13.10.3 Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company Limited System-on-Chip Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2022)
13.10.4 Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company Limited Main Business Overview
13.10.5 Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company Limited Latest Developments
13.11 Magna International Inc.
13.11.1 Magna International Inc. Company Information
13.11.2 Magna International Inc. System-on-Chip Product Offered
13.11.3 Magna International Inc. System-on-Chip Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2022)
13.11.4 Magna International Inc. Main Business Overview
13.11.5 Magna International Inc. Latest Developments
14 Research Findings and Conclusion
1.1 Market Introduction
1.2 Years Considered
1.3 Research Objectives
1.4 Market Research Methodology
1.5 Research Process and Data Source
1.6 Economic Indicators
1.7 Currency Considered
2 Executive Summary
2.1 World Market Overview
2.1.1 Global System-on-Chip Annual Sales 2017-2028
2.1.2 World Current & Future Analysis for System-on-Chip by Geographic Region, 2017, 2022 & 2028
2.1.3 World Current & Future Analysis for System-on-Chip by Country/Region, 2017, 2022 & 2028
2.2 System-on-Chip Segment by Type
2.2.1 Digital
2.2.2 Analog
2.2.3 Mixed Signal
2.3 System-on-Chip Sales by Type
2.3.1 Global System-on-Chip Sales Market Share by Type (2017-2022)
2.3.2 Global System-on-Chip Revenue and Market Share by Type (2017-2022)
2.3.3 Global System-on-Chip Sale Price by Type (2017-2022)
2.4 System-on-Chip Segment by Application
2.4.1 Consumer Electronics
2.4.2 Telecommunication
2.4.3 Automotive
2.5 System-on-Chip Sales by Application
2.5.1 Global System-on-Chip Sale Market Share by Application (2017-2022)
2.5.2 Global System-on-Chip Revenue and Market Share by Application (2017-2022)
2.5.3 Global System-on-Chip Sale Price by Application (2017-2022)
3 Global System-on-Chip by Company
3.1 Global System-on-Chip Breakdown Data by Company
3.1.1 Global System-on-Chip Annual Sales by Company (2020-2022)
3.1.2 Global System-on-Chip Sales Market Share by Company (2020-2022)
3.2 Global System-on-Chip Annual Revenue by Company (2020-2022)
3.2.1 Global System-on-Chip Revenue by Company (2020-2022)
3.2.2 Global System-on-Chip Revenue Market Share by Company (2020-2022)
3.3 Global System-on-Chip Sale Price by Company
3.4 Key Manufacturers System-on-Chip Producing Area Distribution, Sales Area, Product Type
3.4.1 Key Manufacturers System-on-Chip Product Location Distribution
3.4.2 Players System-on-Chip Products Offered
3.5 Market Concentration Rate Analysis
3.5.1 Competition Landscape Analysis
3.5.2 Concentration Ratio (CR3, CR5 and CR10) & (2020-2022)
3.6 New Products and Potential Entrants
3.7 Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion
4 World Historic Review for System-on-Chip by Geographic Region
4.1 World Historic System-on-Chip Market Size by Geographic Region (2017-2022)
4.1.1 Global System-on-Chip Annual Sales by Geographic Region (2017-2022)
4.1.2 Global System-on-Chip Annual Revenue by Geographic Region
4.2 World Historic System-on-Chip Market Size by Country/Region (2017-2022)
4.2.1 Global System-on-Chip Annual Sales by Country/Region (2017-2022)
4.2.2 Global System-on-Chip Annual Revenue by Country/Region
4.3 Americas System-on-Chip Sales Growth
4.4 APAC System-on-Chip Sales Growth
4.5 Europe System-on-Chip Sales Growth
4.6 Middle East & Africa System-on-Chip Sales Growth
5 Americas
5.1 Americas System-on-Chip Sales by Country
5.1.1 Americas System-on-Chip Sales by Country (2017-2022)
5.1.2 Americas System-on-Chip Revenue by Country (2017-2022)
5.2 Americas System-on-Chip Sales by Type
5.3 Americas System-on-Chip Sales by Application
5.4 United States
5.5 Canada
5.6 Mexico
5.7 Brazil
6 APAC
6.1 APAC System-on-Chip Sales by Region
6.1.1 APAC System-on-Chip Sales by Region (2017-2022)
6.1.2 APAC System-on-Chip Revenue by Region (2017-2022)
6.2 APAC System-on-Chip Sales by Type
6.3 APAC System-on-Chip Sales by Application
6.4 China
6.5 Japan
6.6 South Korea
6.7 Southeast Asia
6.8 India
6.9 Australia
6.10 China Taiwan
7 Europe
7.1 Europe System-on-Chip by Country
7.1.1 Europe System-on-Chip Sales by Country (2017-2022)
7.1.2 Europe System-on-Chip Revenue by Country (2017-2022)
7.2 Europe System-on-Chip Sales by Type
7.3 Europe System-on-Chip Sales by Application
7.4 Germany
7.5 France
7.6 UK
7.7 Italy
7.8 Russia
8 Middle East & Africa
8.1 Middle East & Africa System-on-Chip by Country
8.1.1 Middle East & Africa System-on-Chip Sales by Country (2017-2022)
8.1.2 Middle East & Africa System-on-Chip Revenue by Country (2017-2022)
8.2 Middle East & Africa System-on-Chip Sales by Type
8.3 Middle East & Africa System-on-Chip Sales by Application
8.4 Egypt
8.5 South Africa
8.6 Israel
8.7 Turkey
8.8 GCC Countries
9 Market Drivers, Challenges and Trends
9.1 Market Drivers & Growth Opportunities
9.2 Market Challenges & Risks
9.3 Industry Trends
10 Manufacturing Cost Structure Analysis
10.1 Raw Material and Suppliers
10.2 Manufacturing Cost Structure Analysis of System-on-Chip
10.3 Manufacturing Process Analysis of System-on-Chip
10.4 Industry Chain Structure of System-on-Chip
11 Marketing, Distributors and Customer
11.1 Sales Channel
11.1.1 Direct Channels
11.1.2 Indirect Channels
11.2 System-on-Chip Distributors
11.3 System-on-Chip Customer
12 World Forecast Review for System-on-Chip by Geographic Region
12.1 Global System-on-Chip Market Size Forecast by Region
12.1.1 Global System-on-Chip Forecast by Region (2023-2028)
12.1.2 Global System-on-Chip Annual Revenue Forecast by Region (2023-2028)
12.2 Americas Forecast by Country
12.3 APAC Forecast by Region
12.4 Europe Forecast by Country
12.5 Middle East & Africa Forecast by Country
12.6 Global System-on-Chip Forecast by Type
12.7 Global System-on-Chip Forecast by Application
13 Key Players Analysis
13.1 Qualcomm Incorporated
13.1.1 Qualcomm Incorporated Company Information
13.1.2 Qualcomm Incorporated System-on-Chip Product Offered
13.1.3 Qualcomm Incorporated System-on-Chip Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2022)
13.1.4 Qualcomm Incorporated Main Business Overview
13.1.5 Qualcomm Incorporated Latest Developments
13.2 Toshiba Corporation
13.2.1 Toshiba Corporation Company Information
13.2.2 Toshiba Corporation System-on-Chip Product Offered
13.2.3 Toshiba Corporation System-on-Chip Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2022)
13.2.4 Toshiba Corporation Main Business Overview
13.2.5 Toshiba Corporation Latest Developments
13.3 Intel Corporation
13.3.1 Intel Corporation Company Information
13.3.2 Intel Corporation System-on-Chip Product Offered
13.3.3 Intel Corporation System-on-Chip Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2022)
13.3.4 Intel Corporation Main Business Overview
13.3.5 Intel Corporation Latest Developments
13.4 Samsung Electronics
13.4.1 Samsung Electronics Company Information
13.4.2 Samsung Electronics System-on-Chip Product Offered
13.4.3 Samsung Electronics System-on-Chip Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2022)
13.4.4 Samsung Electronics Main Business Overview
13.4.5 Samsung Electronics Latest Developments
13.5 NXP Semiconductors
13.5.1 NXP Semiconductors Company Information
13.5.2 NXP Semiconductors System-on-Chip Product Offered
13.5.3 NXP Semiconductors System-on-Chip Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2022)
13.5.4 NXP Semiconductors Main Business Overview
13.5.5 NXP Semiconductors Latest Developments
13.6 Broadcom Limited
13.6.1 Broadcom Limited Company Information
13.6.2 Broadcom Limited System-on-Chip Product Offered
13.6.3 Broadcom Limited System-on-Chip Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2022)
13.6.4 Broadcom Limited Main Business Overview
13.6.5 Broadcom Limited Latest Developments
13.7 STMicroelectronics
13.7.1 STMicroelectronics Company Information
13.7.2 STMicroelectronics System-on-Chip Product Offered
13.7.3 STMicroelectronics System-on-Chip Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2022)
13.7.4 STMicroelectronics Main Business Overview
13.7.5 STMicroelectronics Latest Developments
13.8 Apple Inc.
13.8.1 Apple Inc. Company Information
13.8.2 Apple Inc. System-on-Chip Product Offered
13.8.3 Apple Inc. System-on-Chip Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2022)
13.8.4 Apple Inc. Main Business Overview
13.8.5 Apple Inc. Latest Developments
13.9 MediaTek Inc.
13.9.1 MediaTek Inc. Company Information
13.9.2 MediaTek Inc. System-on-Chip Product Offered
13.9.3 MediaTek Inc. System-on-Chip Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2022)
13.9.4 MediaTek Inc. Main Business Overview
13.9.5 MediaTek Inc. Latest Developments
13.10 Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company Limited
13.10.1 Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company Limited Company Information
13.10.2 Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company Limited System-on-Chip Product Offered
13.10.3 Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company Limited System-on-Chip Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2022)
13.10.4 Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company Limited Main Business Overview
13.10.5 Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company Limited Latest Developments
13.11 Magna International Inc.
13.11.1 Magna International Inc. Company Information
13.11.2 Magna International Inc. System-on-Chip Product Offered
13.11.3 Magna International Inc. System-on-Chip Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2022)
13.11.4 Magna International Inc. Main Business Overview
13.11.5 Magna International Inc. Latest Developments
14 Research Findings and Conclusion
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